Colon Cancer, also referred to as Bowel Cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum. It often starts as small, benign clumps of cells called polyps, which may develop into cancer over time. Early detection and treatment are essential for improving survival rates.

1. Surgery

   Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer and may involve:

   • Colon Resection: The removal of the cancerous section of the colon. This is typically done using minimally invasive techniques like laparoscopic surgery.
   • Colostomy: In some cases, part of the colon may need to be diverted to a colostomy bag if the remaining colon is not functioning properly.

2. Chemotherapy

   Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It is often used:

   • After surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence (adjuvant chemotherapy).
   • Before surgery to shrink tumors, making them easier to remove (neoadjuvant chemotherapy).
   • To control advanced-stage cancer or spread to other areas of the body.

3. Radiation Therapy

   Radiation Therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. It may be used in:

   • Rectal cancer treatment: Radiation may be used before surgery to shrink the tumor and reduce the risk of recurrence.
   • Advanced colon cancer: To reduce symptoms or manage cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

4. Targeted Therapy

   Targeted Therapy is a newer treatment approach that targets specific molecules involved in the growth of cancer cells. It is often used in combination with chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic colon cancer.

5. Immunotherapy

   Immunotherapy helps to strengthen the body’s immune system to fight cancer. It is particularly effective in cancers with certain genetic mutations, such as those that are mismatch repair deficient (dMMR).